Why do we say linguistics is a science？（北外2011研)

some information, but meanings are (1)_____ from so many other sources that it would hinder our effectiveness (2)_____ a partner to a relationship to rely too heavily on words (3)_____ Words are used to describe only a small part of the many ideas we associate with any given (4)_____. Sometimes we can gain insight into some of those (5)_____ if we listen for (6)_____ words. We don't always say what we mean (7)_____ mean what we say. Mostly we mean several things at once. A person wanting to purchase a house says to the current owner. "This step has to be fixed before I'll buy". The owner says, "It's been like that for years". (8)_____, the step hasn't been like that for years, but the (9)_____ message is: "I don't want to fix it. We can put up with it why can't you？" The (10)_____ for a more expansive view of meaning can be developed by examining a message (11)_____ who said it, when it occurred, the (12)_____ conditions or situation, and how it was said.

When a message occurs can also (13)_____ associated meaning. A friend's unusually docile behavior. may only be understood by (14)_____ that it was preceded by situations that required a(n) (15)_____ amount of assertiveness.

We would do well to listen for how message are (16)_____ The words, "it sure has been nice to have you over", can be said with (17)_____ and excited or ritualistically. The phrase can be said once or (18)_____ several times. And the meaning we associate with the phrase will change (19)_____ Sometimes if we say something infrequently it assumes more importance; sometimes the more we say something the (20)_____ importance it assumes.

A．omitted

B．resulted

C．dismissed

D．derived

s are about people."Did Jerry really care when I broke up with Helen？" "When I got that great job, did Jerry really feel good about it, as a friend？ Or did he envy my luck？" When we look back, doubts like these can make us feel bad.But when we look back, it's too late.

Why do we go wrong about our friends--or our enemies？ Sometimes what people say hides their real meaning.And if we don't really listen, we miss the feeling behind the words.Suppose someone tells you, "you're a lucky dog".Is he really on your side？ If he says, "You're a lucky guy" or "You're a lucky gal", that's being friendly.But "lucky dog"？ There's a bit of envy in those words.Maybe he doesn't see it himself.But bringing in the "dog" bit puts you down a little.What he may be saying is that he doesn't think you deserve your luck.

How can you tell the real meaning behind someone's words？ One way is to take a good look at the person talking.Do his words fit the way he looks？ Does what he says square with the tone of voice？ His posture (体态)？ The look in his eyes？ Stop and think.The minute you spend thinking about the real meaning of what people say to you may save another mistake.

1.From the questions in the first paragraph we can learn that tile speaker _____.

A.feels happy, thinking of how nice his friends were to him

B.feels he may not have "read" his friends' true feelings correctly

C.thinks it was a mistake to have broken up with his girl friend, Helen

D.is sorry that his friends let him down

2.In the second paragraph, the author uses the example of "You're a lucky dog" to show that __________.

A.the speaker of this sentence is just being friendly

B.this saying means the same as "You're a lucky guy' or "You're a lucky gal"

C.sometimes the words used by a speaker give a clue to the feeling behind the words

D.the word "dog" shouldn't be used to apply to people

3.This passage tries to tell you how to __________.

A.avoid mistakes about money and friends

B.bring the "dog" bit into our conversation

C.avoid mistakes in understanding what people tell you

D.keep people friendly without trusting them

4.In listening to a person, the important thing is __________.

A.to notice his tone, his posture, and the look in his eyes

B.to listen to how he pronounces his words

C.to check his words against his manner, his tone of voice, and his posture

D.not to believe what he says

5.If you followed the advice of the writer, you would __________.

A.be able to get the real meaning of what people say to you

B.avoid any mistakes while talking with people who envy you

C.not lose real friends who say things that do not please you

D.be able to observe people as they are talking to you

uld be air-conditioned and I couldn't face my【56】apartment. Sitting in the theatre I had to look through the【57】between the two tall heads in front of me. I had to keep changing the【58】every time she leaned over to talk to him,【59】he leaned over to kiss her. Why do Americans display such【60】in a public place？ I thought the movie would be good for my English, but【61】it turned out, it was an Italian movie.【62】about an hour I decided to give up on the movie and【63】on my popcorn. I've never understood why they give you so much popcorn ! It tasted pretty good,【64】. After a while I heard【65】more of the romantic sounding Italians. I just heard【66】of the popcorn crunching between my teeth. My thought started to【67】. I remembered when I was in South Korea, I【68】to watch Kojak on TV frequently. He spoke perfect Korean—I was really amazed. He seemed,【69】like a good friend to me. I saw him again in New York speaking【70】English instead of perfect Korean. He didn't even have a Korean accent and I【71】like I had been betrayed. When our family moved to the United States six years ago, none of us spoke any English.【72】we had begun to learn a few words, my mother suggested that we all should speak English at home. Everyone agreed, but our house became very【73】and we all seemed to avoid each other. We sat at the dinner table in silence, preferring not to【74】in a difficult language. Mother tried to say something in English but it【75】out all wrong and we all burst into laughter and decided to forget it I We've been speaking Korean at home ever since.

(56)

A．hot

B．warm

C．cool

D．heated

根据短文的内容回答，下列题目

How We Form. First Impression

(1) We all have first impression of someone we just met. But why？ Why do we form. an opinion about someone without really knowing anything about him or her--aside perhaps from a few remarks or readily observable traits.

(2) The answer is related to how your brain allows you to be aware of the world. Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits, even very minor difference in how a person&39;s eyes, ears,nose, or mouth are placed in relation to each other makes you see him or her as different. In fact, your brain continuously process incoming sensory information——the sights and sounds of your world. These incoming "signals" are compared against a host of "memories" stored in the brain areas called the cortex system to determine what these new signals "mean".

(3) If you see someone you know and like at school, your brain says "familiar and safe". If you see someone new, it says, "new-potentially, threatening". Then your brain starts to match features of this stranger with other "known" memories. The height, weight, dress, ethnicity,gestures, and tone of voice are all matched up. The more unfamiliar the characteristics, the more your brain may say, "This is new. I don&39;t like this person." Or else, "I&39;m intrigued." Or your brain may perceive a new face but familiar clothes, ethnicity, gestures--like your other friends; so your brain says: "I like this person." But these preliminary "impressions" can be dead wrong.

(4) When we stereotype people, we use a less mature form. of thinking (not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child) that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others.

Rather than learn about the depth and breadth of people--their history, interest, values,strengths, and true character--we categorize them as jocks, geeks, or freaks.

(5) However, if we resist initial stereotypical impressions, we have a chance to be aware of what a person is truly like. If we spend time with a person, hear about his or her life, hopes, dreams, and become aware of the person&39;s character, we use a different, more mature style. of thinking——and the most complex areas of our cortex, which allow us to be humane.

Paragraph 2 __________ 查看材料

A.Ways of departure from immature and simplistic impressions

B.Comment on first impression

C.Illustration of first impression

D.Comparing incoming sensory information against memories

E.Threatening aspect of first impressions

F.Differences among Jocks， Geeks and Freaks

to each other.

1 was walking in the park with a friend recently, and his mobile phone rang, interrupting our conversation. There we were, walking and talking on a beautiful sunny day and - poof! -1 was cut off as if I had become absent from the conversation.

The park was filled with people talking on their cell phones. They were passing people without looking at them, saying hello, noticing their babies or stopping to pat their dogs. It seems that the limitless electronic voice is preferred to human contact.

The telephone is used to connect you to the absent. Now it makes people feel absent.

Recently l was in a car with three friends. The driver hushed the rest of us because he could not hear the person on the other end of his cell phone. There we were, four friends driving down the highway, unable to talk to each other because of the small thing designed to make communication easier.

Why is it that the more connected we get, the more disconnected I feel？ Every advance in communication technology is a setback(退步) to the closeness of human interaction.

With e-mail and instant message over the Internet, we can now communicate without seeing or talking to one another. With voice mail, you can make entire conversations without ever reaching anyone. If my mom has a question, Ijust leave the answer on her machine.

As almost every contact between human beings gets automatic, the emotional Distance index goes up. Pumping gas at the station？ Why say good-morning to the assistant when you can swipe you credit card at the pump and save yourself the bother of human contact？

Making a deposit at the bank？ Why talk to the clerk who lives in the neighborhood when you Ctin put your Ctird into the ATM l More and more, I find myself hiding behind e-mail to do a job meant for conversation orbeing relieved that voice mail picked up because I didn’t really have time to talk.

The technology devoted to helping me keep in touch is making me lonelier. I own a mobile phone, an ATM card, a voice-mail telephone, and an e-mail account.

Giving them up isn’t a choice. They are great for what they are intended to do. It’s their unintended results that make me upset. What good is all this gee-whiz technology if there isno one in the room to hear you crying out Gee whiz ？

26.The author’s experience of walking in a park with a friend recently made him feel ().

A.unhappy

B.funny

C.wonderful

27.According to the author, human contact in a park means ().

A.Iookmg at each other and saying hello when passing

B.noticing their babies and stopping to pat their dogs

C.both A and B

28.According to the author, the more connected we get in communication technology, the () we are.

A.more automatic

B.easier

C.more disconnected

29.What are the examples the author gives to explain his idea that every advance in communication technology is a setback to the closeness of human interaction？()

A.With e-mail and instant message over the Internet, we can now communicate without seeing or talking to one another

B.With voice mail, you can make entire conversations without ever reaching anyone

C.Both A and B

30.What is the unintended result of communication technology, according to the author？()

A.It makes communication easier and conversation possible everywhere

B.It actually creates a distance between people instead of bringing them together

C.It makes every contact between human beings automatic and makes people Feel connected

昂贵而劳动力便宜，人们用于养牛业的人均土地通常比美国用于种植小麦的人均土地更少。我们是否仍然可以说，与种植小麦相比，养牛业是土地密集型产业，为什么是或为什么不是？

In the United States where land is cheap．the ratio of land to labor used in cattle raising is higher than that of land used in wheat growing．But in more crowded countries．where land is expensive and labor is cheap，it is common to raise cows by using less land and more labor than Americans use to grow wheat．Can we still say that raising cattle is land intensive compared with farming wheat？ Why or why not？

be able to put it to. For example, how do we learn language？ Man differs most from all the animals in his ability to learn and use language __2__ we still do not know exactly how this is done. Some children learn to speak and read and write when they are very young compared to __3__ children. But scientists are not sure why this happens. They are trying to find out __4__ there is something about the way we teach language to children which in fact prevents children __5__ learning sooner.

1)、A.but

B.how

C.from

D.whether

E.average

2)、A.but

B.how

C.from

D.whether

E.average

3)、A.but

B.how

C.from

D.whether

E.average

4)、A.but

B.how

C.from

D.whether

E.average

5)、A.but

B.how

C.from

D.whether

E.average

meal of good，thick paper，old letters, for example.She doesn't like newspapers very much.

Of course，the best paper comes from wood.Wood comes from trees，and trees are plants.Vegetables and fruit and plants too，and we eat a lot of them.So can we also eat wood and paper？

Scientists say，"All food comes in some way from plants." Well，is that true？ Animals eat grass and grow fat.Then we eat their meat.Little fish eat little sea-plants; then bigger fish swim along and eat the...Chickens eat bits of grass and give us...Think for a minute.What food does not come from plants in some way？

Scientists can do wonderful things with plants.They can make food just like meat and cheese.And they can make it without the help of animals.It is very good food too.Now they have begun to say，"We make our paper from wood.We can also make food from wood.The next thing is not very difficult." What is the next thing？ Perhaps it is-food from paper.Scientists say，"We can turn paper into food.It will be good，cheap food too; cheaper than meat or fish or eggs."

So please keep your old books and letters.Don't feed them to your cat.) One day，soon，they will be on your plate.There is nothing like a good story for breakfast.

1、The best paper come from Wood.()

2、From the passage，we can infer 推断) thatfew kinds of food do not come from plants in some way.()

3、The main idea of the passage is all food comes from plants in some way.()

4、The writer asks us to keep our old books and letters because we can make food from them soon.()

5、The best title for the passage is " Food from Plants ".()

听力原文：M: So, what do you want to do tomorrow？

W: Well, let's look at this city guide here. Uh, here's something interesting. Oh! Why don't we first visit the art museum in the morning.

M: Okay. I like that idea. And where do you want to eat lunch？

W: How about going to an Indian restaurant？ Humm. The guide recommends one downtown a few blocks from the museum.

M: Now that sounds great. After that, what do you think about visiting the zoo？ Umm, well, it says here that there are some very unique animals not found anywhere else.

W: Well, to tell the truth, I'm not really interested in going there. Why don't we go shopping instead？ There are supposed to be some really nice places to pick up souvenirs.

M: Nail, I don't think that's a good idea. We only have few traveler's checks left, and I only have fifty dollars left in cash.

W: No problem. We can use your credit card to pay for MY new clothes.

M: Oh, no. I remember the last time you used my credit card for your purchases.

W: oh well. Let's take the Subway down to the seashore and walk along the beach,

M: Now that sounds like a wonderful plan.

(23)

A．Italian.

B．Indonesian.

C．Indian.

D．French.

. He prides himself on speaking his mind, and has something to say on everything. But his frankness is often extremely embarrassing.

He is incapable of saying, " I thought that last advertising campaign had a lot of good ideas in it, but perhaps next time we could give the copy more vitality(活力). " Instead, he would say, " That campaign was a disaster. A child of three could have done better !"

The fact that he is often right does not help. Other employees dislike his manner even more, but he is too insensitive to notice.

Another character among the list of ill-mannered employees is Sally, who seems to regard just being at work as a severe punishment. Everything is done unwillingly. Asking her to do a task beyond her basic job description is often not worth the trouble. It will be done, but only half-heartedly.

Fergus is just the opposite. He shows an over-familiarity to his boss. When an important visitor is shown into the manager's office, Fergus cannot take the hint and leave. Instead he will attempt to take part in the conversation, declaring, "You can talk in front of me. Henry and I don't have many secrets, do we？" Over the years Fergus has fallen behind his former equal. But he seeks to maintain the same close relationship that he imagines existed in their younger days.

Which of the following words describes Ted best？

A．Cold.

B．Tactless.

C．Stupid.

D．Warm-hearted.

answer for each statement from the four choices marked A, B，C and D.

“It hurts me more than you”, and “This is for your own good.” These are the statements my mother used to make years ago when I had to learn Latin, clean my room, stay home and do homework.

That was before we entered the permissive period in education in which we decided it was all right not to push our children to achieve their best in school. The schools and the educators made it easy on us. They taught that it was all right to be parents who take a let-alone policy. We stopped making our children do homework. We gave them calculators, turned on the television, left the teaching to the teachers and went on vacation.

Now teachers, faced with children who have been developing at their own pace for the past 15 years, are realizing we’ve made a terrible mistake. One such teacher is Sharon·Klompus who says of her students—“so passive”—and wonders what happened. Nothing was demanded of them, she believes. Television, says Klompus, contributes to children’s passivity. “We’re not training kids to work any more,” says Klompus. “We’re talking about a generation of kids who’ve never been hurt or hungry. They have learned somebody will always do it for them. Instead of saying ‘go look it up’, you tell them the answer. It takes greater energy to say no to a kid.”

Yes, it does. It takes energy and it takes work. It’s time for parents to end their vacation and come back to work. It’s time to take the car away, to turn the TV off, to tell them it hurts you more than them but it’s for their own good. It’s time to start telling them no again.

1.Children are becoming more inactive in study because__________.

A.they watch TV too often

B.they have done too much homework

C.they have to fulfil too many duties

D.teachers are too strict with them

2.According to historic books, women in the Song Dynasty used paper cut as headdress.()

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Doesn’t say