什么是需求曲线（Demand curve)？

说明下面各项中每一对之间的区别:（1)价格-消费曲线与需求曲线;（2)个人需求曲线与市场需求曲线;

说明下面各项中每一对之间的区别:

(1)价格-消费曲线与需求曲线;

(2)个人需求曲线与市场需求曲线;

(3)恩格尔曲线与需求曲线;

(4)收入效应与替代效应。

Explain the difference between each of the following terms:

a. a price-consumption curve and a demand curve

b. an individual demand curve and a market demand curve

c. an Engel curve and a demand curve

d. an income effect and substitution effect

为什么当厂商在产品市场具有垄断势力时，它对劳动力的需求曲线比厂商是竞争性生产时弹性小？Why

为什么当厂商在产品市场具有垄断势力时，它对劳动力的需求曲线比厂商是竞争性生产时弹性小？

Why is a firm's demand for labor curve more inelastic when the firm has monopoly power in the output market than when the firm is producing competitively？

响龙虾的实际捕捉和有效率的捕捉，以及共同进入的社会成本？(提示:利用例于中给出的边际社会成本曲线和边际私人成本曲线。)

Reconsider the common resource problem as given by Example 18. 7. Suppose that crawfish popularity continues to increase, and that he demand curve shifts from C = 0.401 - 0.0064F to C =0.50 - 0. 0064F. How does this shift in demand affect the actual crawfish catch, the efficient catch, and the social cost of common access？ (lint: Use the marginal social cost and private cost curves given in the example. )

种影响如何改变税收变动的宏观经济分析。

a．如果这种观点正确的话。减税如何影响自然产出率？

b．减税如何影响总需求曲线？如何影响长期总供给曲线？如何影响短期总供给曲线？

c．减税对产出和物价水平的短期影响是什么？你的回答与没有劳动供给效应的情况有什么不同？

d．减税对产出和物价水平的长期影响是什么？你的回答与没有劳动供给效应的情况有什么不同？

Some economists believe that taxes have an important effect on labor supply. They argue that higher taxes cause people to want to work less and that lower taxes cause them to want to work more. Consider how this effect alters the macroeconomic analysis of tax changes.

a．If this view is correct, how does a tax cut affect the natural rate of output？

b．How does a tax cut affect the aggregate demand curve？ The long-run aggregate supply curve？ The short-run aggregate supply curve？

c．What is the short-run impact of a tax cut on output and the price level？ How does your answer differ from the case without the labor-supply effect？

d．What is the long-run impact of a tax cut on output and the price level？ How does your answer differ from the case without the labor-supply effect？